Cambridge University Press
9780521875271 - Audio-Visual Coverage of Courts - by Daniel Stepniak
Frontmatter/Prelims
Researched over a period of fifteen years and written by an author who has participated in each country’s debate, Audio-Visual Coverage of Courts is the first book to undertake a comprehensive comparative study of televised court proceedings in Great Britain, the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
Exhaustive in his identification and analysis of relevant law and key developments, Daniel Stepniak also relies on hitherto largely unpublished primary sources to provide unprecedented coverage of the experiences of courts. Through analysis of common law courts’ regulation of audio-visual reporting Daniel Stepniak proposes a theoretical framework and proven action plan for the attainment of the potential benefits of audio-visual coverage, and argues that technological advances, the entrenchment of rights and, above all, the recognition by courts of their vested interests in facilitating greater public access and understanding of judicial proceedings have all led to audio-visual coverage becoming increasingly perceived as desirable.
DANIEL STEPNIAK teaches law at the University of Western Australia.
DANIEL STEPNIAK
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi
Cambridge University Press
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Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
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Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521875271
© Daniel Stepniak 2008
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the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2008
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-0-521-87527-1 hardback
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| Table of Legislation page vii | |
| Table of Cases xii | |
| List of Abbreviations xix | |
| 1 | Introduction 1 |
| A An overview of the history of the debate 1 | |
| B Current issues of the debate 3 | |
| C The key arguments 6 | |
| D Structure 7 | |
| E Scope and terminology 9 | |
| 2 | United Kingdom 11 |
| A Introduction 11 | |
| B The Caplan Report 13 | |
| C Towards greater openness of justice 15 | |
| D Broadcast of parliamentary proceedings 20 | |
| E First broadcasts of judicial proceedings 21 | |
| F Relaxation of the Scottish common law prohibition 22 | |
| G Impact of the broadcast of overseas trials 29 | |
| H House of Lords broadcasts 32 | |
| I The Lockerbie trial and appeal 35 | |
| J Televised public inquiries 41 | |
| K Implications of recent rulings for current restrictions and statutory prohibitions 45 | |
| L Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 on rights and UK judges 52 | |
| M Pilot recording of appeal proceedings and public consultation 56 | |
| N Conclusion 64 | |
| 3 | Key American experiences 69 |
| A Introduction 69 | |
| B Early concerns regarding court reporting 71 | |
| C Televising as a constitutional right 83 | |
| D Experiences of state jurisdictions 96 | |
| E Streaming or webcasting of state courts 122 | |
| F Experiences of US federal courts 128 | |
| G Conclusion 146 | |
| 4 | Canada 148 |
| A Introduction 148 | |
| B Appeal courts 150 | |
| C Coverage of trial proceedings 162 | |
| D Rights 181 | |
| E General implications and issues 208 | |
| 5 | Australia 210 |
| A Introduction 210 | |
| B Restrictions on courtroom broadcasting 211 | |
| C Features distinguishing Australia’s experiences 221 | |
| D Early experiences of Australian courts 233 | |
| E Specific experiences of Australian courts 237 | |
| F Quasi-judicial and parliamentary experiences with televising 281 | |
| G What do Australian experiences with televising reveal? 290 | |
| 6 | New Zealand 300 |
| A Introduction 300 | |
| B Decision to undertake an experiment 301 | |
| C The Pilot Programme 326 | |
| D Evaluation 335 | |
| E Recent studies 339 | |
| F Post-Pilot Programme developments 341 | |
| G Conclusion 348 | |
| 7 | Comparative analysis of findings and conclusions 351 |
| A Introduction 351 | |
| B Evidence as to effects 352 | |
| C Determinative factors 406 | |
| D Conclusion 414 | |
| Appendices 417 | |
| 1. Persons Consulted 417 | |
| 2. Guidelines for Electronic Coverage of Judicial Proceedings, Western Australian Courts (1996) 423 | |
| Bibliography 425 | |
| Index 486 |
(a) International instruments
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950: 2, 5, 13, 52, 53, 54, 64, 228, 229, 409
art 10 4, 19, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 50, 93, 222
art 6 43, 47, 222
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966 230
s 14(1) 229
s 19(2) 227, 228, 229
(b) United Kingdom
Asylum and Immigration Bill 2004 55
Broadcasting Act 1990 s 6(i)(b)(c) 50
The Constitutional Reform Bill 2004 cl 37 68
Contempt of Court Act 1981 pp 14, 19
s 4 19
s 8 15, 59, 377, 382
s 9 12, 15, 45, 57, 59
Courts (Research) Bill 1991 15, 382
Criminal Justice Act 1925 s 41 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 21, 41, 57, 58, 60, 61, 68
Criminal Justice Act 1988 19
Human Rights Act 1998 2, 8, 13, 37, 52, 53, 54, 64, 209, 228, 229, 409
s 3 53
s 6(2) 53
Tribunals of Inquiry (Evidence) Act 1921 13, 41
Northern Ireland
Criminal Justice Act 1945 s 29 11
Scotland
Scotland Act 1998 37
(c) United States of America
(i) Federal
Constitution of the United States of America
American Bar Association Code of Judicial Ethics Canon 35 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 103
American Bar Association Code of Professional Responsibility (1972) Canon 3A(7) 81
American Bar Association Model Code of Judicial Ethics Canon 35 (1952) 76
Bill of Rights 2, 8, 85, 222, 229
First Amendment 71, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 110, 143, 202, 222, 309, 408, 410
Sixth Amendment 71, 80, 83, 84, 85, 87, 91, 143, 222, 309, 408, 410
Code of Conduct for United States Judges (1972) Canon 3A(7) 81, 82, 128, 129
Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure r 53 77, 128, 136, 140
United States Code s 331 (28 USC 331) 77
(ii) State
California Rules of Court
r 980 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118
r 981 112
Code of Professional Responsibility (NYCRR) 29.1-3. 103
District Courts of the State of New Hampshire, General Rules r 1.4(a) 97
Florida Rules of Judicial Administration 2.170. 98
Idaho Court Administrative Rules 45, 46, 121, 122
Judiciary Law (NY) s 218 90, 103, 105, 107
Maryland Rules Annotated (1999) r 16-109 96
New York Civil Rights Law s 52 88, 89, 90, 103, 110, 111
New York State Constitution art 1.8 89, 110
New York Code of Judicial Conduct Canon 3A (7) 103, 104, 119
Rules of the Chief Administrative Judge (NY) s 131.1. 104
Rules of the Chief Justice 2004 (NY) ss 29.1, 29.2 103, 104
South Carolina Appellate Court Rules r 605 101
Tennessee Supreme Court Administrative Rules r 30 99
Utah Code of Judicial Administration (2000) r 4-401 96
Washington Court Rules GR 16 119
(d) Canada
Canada Act 1982 182
Canadian Bill of Rights Act 182
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982) 2, 8, 53, 181, 182, 183, 186, 193, 200, 201, 202, 204, 207, 209, 228, 229, 307, 309, 310, 408, 409
s 1 4, 183, 186, 187, 188, 190, 193, 194, 197, 198, 199, 309, 310
s 2(b) 93, 183, 186, 187, 188, 189, 191, 192, 193, 196, 197, 198, 199, 222, 310, 311
s 11(d) 183, 184, 207, 222, 309, 410
Courts of Justice Act, RSO 1990, c 43, s 136 169, 178
Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c 46, s 539(1) 205
Judicature Act, RSO 1970, c 228, s 67, 68a 205
Règle 38 des Règles de pratique de la Cour supérieure du Québec en matiére civile, RRQ, 1981 c 25, r 8 167
(e) Australia
(i) Commonwealth
Australian Constitution 222, 224, 226, 230
ch 3 224, 225, 272
Family Law Act 1975 (Cth) 270, 271
s 121(1) 211
s 121(3)(b) 388
s 121(3)(c) 388
s 121(9)(g) 218, 271
Family Law Rules 2004, r 1.19 218, 270
Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 s 17(4) 212
Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Act 1986 schedule 2 228
Judiciary Act 1903 s 30(3) 272
Native Title Act 1993 256
Television Program Standards 1990
st 15 395
st 24 395
(ii) New South Wales
Children (Criminal Proceedings) Act 1987 (NSW)
s 10(a) 212
s 10(1)(b) 212
Jury Act 1977 (NSW)
s 68 211, 374
s 68A 211, 377
s 65 211
(iii) Victoria
Adoption of Children Act 1984 s 121(2) 211
County Court Act 1958 s 81(1) 212
Judicial Proceedings Reports Act 1958 s 3(1) 212
Juries Act 1967
s 69 211, 374
s 69A 211
s 69A(2) 211
Magistrates’ Court Act 1989
s 126 212
s 126(1)(b) 212
s 126(1)(c) 212
(iv) Queensland
Jury Act 1995
s 70 374
s 70(1)(b) 211
s 70(2) 211
s 70(3) 211
s 70(4) 211
s 70(11)(b) 211
(v) Western Australia
Acts Amendment (Family and Domestic Violence) Act 2004 s 70(2) 211
Juries Act 1957 s 57 374
Justices Act 1902 s 66 212
(vi) South Australia
Children’s Protection and Young Offenders Act 1979 s 92(2) 212
Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 s 246 374
Evidence Act 1929 s 69 212
(vii) Tasmania
Criminal Code 1924
s 365 211
Appendix D Forms I, II 211
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